Definition

A tetravalent bispecific antibody targeting the immunosuppressive ligand programmed death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1; cluster of differentiation 274; CD274) and 4-1BB (CD137; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9; TNFRSF9), with potential checkpoint inhibitory, immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-PD-L1/4-1BB bispecific antibody LBL-024 simultaneously targets and binds to 4-1BB, which is expressed on a variety of leukocyte subsets including activated T lymphocytes, and PD-L1 expressed on tumor cells. Upon 4-1BB binding, LBL-024 acts as a conditional 4-1BB agonist in the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in T-cell co-stimulation and enhances T-lymphocyte-mediated anti-tumor activity. At the same time, LBL-024 prevents PD-L1 from binding to and activating its receptor, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1; PDCD1; CD279; programmed death-1). This abrogates T-cell inhibition, activates antigen-specific T lymphocytes and enhances cytotoxic T-cell-mediated tumor cell lysis, which may lead to a reduction in tumor growth. PD-L1 binding to PD-1 on activated T cells inhibits the expansion and survival of CD8-positive T cells, suppresses the immune system and results in immune evasion. 4-1BB, a surface glycoprotein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is an inducible costimulatory receptor that plays a key role in T-cell proliferation, survival and cytolytic activity.