Definition

A human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) kappa monoclonal antibody that recognizes inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS; CD278), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, alomfilimab selectively binds to dimeric ICOS expressed on certain T cells. This prevents the interaction between ICOS-positive T cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which express the ICOS ligand (ICOSL). Blocking ICOS activation prevents the pDC-induced proliferation and accumulation of regulatory ICOS-positive T cells (ICOS+ Tregs) and inhibits interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion by CD4+ infiltrating T cells. This may abrogate Treg-mediated immune suppression and may enhance cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. Additionally, KY1044 may eliminate ICOS-positive T cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). ICOS, a T-cell specific, CD28-superfamily costimulatory molecule and immune checkpoint protein, plays a key role in the proliferation and activation of T cells. It is normally expressed on both activated CD4+ T cells, which is a subset of memory T cells (Tm), and follicular helper T cells (Tfh). ICOS is highly expressed on Tregs infiltrating various tumors and its expression is associated with a poor prognosis; ICOS-positive Tregs play a key role in immune suppression and tumor immune evasion.